Borrego Springs Local • August 16, 2022

Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease: A Threat to Wild Rabbits in Borrego Springs, San Diego County

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Rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) is a serious and often fatal illness that affects wild rabbits in many parts of the State of California and possibly in Borrego Springs based on the rapidly declining rabbit population seen by locals. The virus responsible for RHD is called Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) and it was first identified in 1984. RHDV is part of a larger group of viruses called rabbit lagoviruses, which also includes non-pathogenic viruses known as RCVs.

RHDV2 in Wild Rabbits in Borrego Springs

RHDV2 is the strain of RHDV that have been identified throughout California in wild rabbit populations; this strain is highly virulent and can cause higher mortality rates in wild rabbits than other strains. This strain has been spreading rapidly throughout California since it was first identified in 2011, and has replaced other strains in most California wild rabbits population.

Wildlife experts and conservationists need to be aware of the potential threat of RHDV2 and take appropriate measures to protect wild rabbit populations in Borrego Springs and other parts of San Diego County. Biosecurity measures such as avoiding human contact with wild rabbit populations and not feeding them with domestic rabbit food, and promoting research to understand how to prevent the spread of this disease are crucial to protect wild rabbit populations in Borrego Springs and nearby Anza Borrego State Park.

Disease Occurrence

Rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) is a highly contagious and often fatal illness that affects adult wild and domesticated rabbits of the Oryctolagus cuniculus species. Young rabbits, those under 6 to 8 weeks old, may be infected but show no symptoms, however, they may develop a specific humoral response. Unvaccinated animals are particularly vulnerable to severe losses, and on intensive farms, the death rate can vary depending on the strain of the virus.

RHDV/RHDVa, the classic strain, can be particularly deadly with a mortality rate of 80-90%. However, the newer strain RHDV2 can have a more variable mortality rate, ranging from 5 to 70%. This disease can also devastate wild rabbit populations in San Diego County, particularly when it is first introduced. RHDV is highly contagious and can spread very easily.

Note: EBHSV is a virus that can also cause a disease similar to RHD in cottontails (Sylvilagus floridanus)

Hosts

RHD affects wild and domesticated members of Oryctolagus cuniculus , the European rabbit.

List of Oryctolagus cuniculus (Rabbits)

  • Domestic rabbit European rabbit Wild European rabbit
  • Common rabbit
  • Domestic hare
  • European hare
  • Belgian hare
  • Flemish giant
  • French lop
  • Giant papillon
  • Giant rex
  • Hotot
  • Holland lop
  • Jersey wooly
  • Lop-eared rabbit
  • Mini lop
  • Netherland dwarf
  • Polish rabbit
  • Satin rabbit
  • Silver marten
  • Tan rabbit
  • Thrianta

It’s worth noting that Oryctolagus cuniculus is the scientific name for the European rabbit, which is the most common domesticated rabbit and also exists in the wild. Many breeds of domestic rabbits are derived from European rabbits.

While rabbits of all ages can get infected, young rabbits under 6-8 weeks old usually do not show symptoms if infected with the classical strain RHDV/RHDVa. However, if infected with RHDV2, young rabbits as young as 15-20 days old can become ill and die.

RHDV/RHDV has not been found to infect other animals, including animals that eat rabbits. Scientists have also tried giving the virus to 28 different animals, but it did not cause any illness, and the virus did not multiply in their bodies.

Transmission

  • Direct contact with infected animals through the oral, nasal or conjunctival routes.
  • Exposure to an infected carcass or hair from an infected animal.
  • By means of fomites, including contaminated food, bedding and water.
  • Experimental transmission by oral, nasal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intravenous routes.
  • Importation of infected rabbit meat. This could be one of the main means of transmission of RHD to a new area. Meat contains high levels of virus-infected blood, which survives freezing well.
  • Mechanical transmission. Flies and other insects are very efficient mechanical vectors; only a few virions are needed to infect a rabbit by the conjunctival route. Wild animals can transmit the virus mechanically. Although virus replication does not seem to occur in predators or scavengers, these animals (dogs, foxes, etc.) can excrete RHDV in faeces after eating infected rabbits.
  • How long rabbits that have recovered from RHD may remain infectious remains unknown. A low level of serum antibodies is sufficient to protect rabbits from the disease, but infection at the intestinal level could occur with shedding of the virus in the faeces. High sensitivity PCR demonstrated a long-term persistence (up to 2 months) of the viral RNA in recovered or vaccinated and then infected rabbits. Whether this is due to real and active persistent or latent RHDV infections is still to be demonstrated.

Sources of virus

  • The liver has the highest virus titre, followed by the spleen and serum.
  • Most or all excretions, including urine, faeces and respiratory secretions, are thought to contain virus.
  • Rabbit meat contains virus by virtue of its high blood supply.

Control Measures

Additionally, monitoring wild rabbit populations for signs of RHD and reporting any suspicious cases to the appropriate authorities can also help to control the spread of the disease.

It is also important to note that wild rabbits in Borrego Springs may be exposed to other strains of RHDV that are circulating in domestic rabbit populations.

In addition to RHDV, other diseases and parasites may also affect wild rabbits in Borrego Springs. Wildlife experts and conservationists need to be aware of these potential threats and take appropriate measures to protect wild rabbit populations.

Protecting wild rabbit populations in Borrego Springs from RHD and other diseases is crucial for preserving these animals and their ecosystem. It is the shared responsibility of wildlife experts, conservationists, rabbit farmers, and the public to take appropriate measures to protect wild rabbit populations and ensure their survival.

Animal and Plant
Health Inspection
Service
June 2020

By Andrea McKenna • September 28, 2026
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By Matt Bosson • September 27, 2026
The great free movies continue in October, with a French psychological thriller – Les Diaboliques, and Emma Stone in her Oscar winning performance – Poor Things. All screenings are held on Wednesday evenings at 7pm at the Borrego Springs Performing Arts Center, 590 Palm Canyon Drive, Borrego Springs, CA 92004 . Our full schedule for 2026 is posted on the BSFI website: www.borregospringsfilminstitute.org . Please check the website for the most up to date information. Here are the movies coming in October: Wednesday, October 7, 2026 at 7pm – Les Diaboliques – 1955 – Not Rated – 1h 47m Les Diaboliques , released in the United States simply as Diabolique , is a landmark of psychological suspense and one of the most influential thrillers in the history of cinema. A French psychological horror thriller co-written and directed by Henri-Georges Clouzot, it stars Simone Signoret, Véra Clouzot, Paul Meurisse, and Charles Vanel, and is based on the 1952 novel Celle qui n'était plus by Pierre Boileau and Thomas Narcejac. Set in a decrepit French boarding school for boys, the film follows the wife (Véra Clouzot) and mistress (Signoret) of a sadistic, irredeemably cruel headmaster (Meurisse), who conspire to murder him and disguise his death as an accidental drowning. When his body vanishes from the school swimming pool, however, and a ragtag detective (Vanel) begins poking around, the two women start experiencing chilling evidence that their tormentor may not be dead after all. Clouzot had optioned the rights to the source novel immediately after finishing The Wages of Fear (1953), reading it through the night and securing the rights the next morning — in doing so, narrowly preventing Alfred Hitchcock from acquiring them. 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Wednesday, October 21, 2026 at 7pm – Poor Things – 2023 – Rated R – 2h 21m Poor Things is a wildly inventive, exhilaratingly strange, and visually ravishing work of absurdist cinema that stands as one of the defining films of recent years. Directed by Yorgos Lanthimos and written by Tony McNamara, based on the 1992 novel by Alasdair Gray, the film is an Ireland-UK-US co-production starring Emma Stone, Mark Ruffalo, Willem Dafoe, Ramy Youssef, Christopher Abbott, and Jerrod Carmichael. The story follows Bella Baxter (Stone), a young woman brought back to life by the brilliant and unorthodox scientist Dr. Godwin Baxter (Dafoe), who, hungry for the worldliness she lacks, runs off with Duncan Wedderburn (Ruffalo), a slick and debauched lawyer, on a whirlwind adventure across the continents, growing ever more steadfast in her determination to stand for equality and liberation. 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At the awards ceremonies, it swept the season: it won the Golden Globe for Best Motion Picture — Musical or Comedy and Best Actress for Stone, five BAFTAs including Best Actress in a Leading Role, and at the 96th Academy Awards received eleven nominations — second only to Oppenheimer — winning four: Best Actress for Stone, Best Production Design, Best Costume Design, and Best Makeup and Hairstyling. And looking forward, here are the scheduled movies coming in November and December: Wednesday, November 4, 2026 at 7pm – Babette’s Feast – 1987 – Rated G – 1h 42m Directed by Gabriel Axel and adapted from a short story by Isak Dinesen, the film tells the lovingly layered tale of a French housekeeper with a mysterious past who brings quiet revolution in the form of one exquisite meal to a circle of starkly pious villagers in late nineteenth-century Denmark. The title role of Babette is played by Stéphane Audran — with Birgitte Federspiel and Bodil Kjer as the two devout sisters into whose isolated lives Babette quietly, transformatively arrives. Babette’s Feast became the first Danish film ever to win the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Among its many admirers is Pope Francis, who named it his favorite film of all time. In French, Danish, and Swedish with English subtitles. 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It was widely praised on release — earning the Grand Prix at the first Cannes Film Festival in 1946 and Academy Award nominations for Lean's direction, Johnson's performance, and the screenplay — and it continues to be regarded by critics as one of the finest British films ever made, frequently topping "greatest films" lists for its emotional precision and understatement. Wednesday, December 16, 2026 at 7pm – The Holdovers – 2023 – Rated R – 2h 13m Directed by Alexander Payne, the film is set at a New England boarding school over the 1970 Christmas break, where curmudgeonly ancient history teacher Paul Hunham (Paul Giamatti) is stuck supervising the handful of students with nowhere else to go. As the group dwindles to just one, sharp-tongued troublemaker Angus Tully (Dominic Sessa), Paul and the school's head cook, Mary Lamb (Da'Vine Joy Randolph), who is grieving the loss of her son, form an unlikely bond over their shared isolation. 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